Wainner R. et al. Reliability and diagnostic accuracy of the clinical examination and patient self-report measures for cervical radiculopathy. Spine. 2003;28:52-62
ASIA and ISCoS International Standards Committee. The 2019 revision of the International Standards for Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) - What’s new? Spinal Cord. 2019 Oct;57(10):815-817. doi: 10.1038/s41393-019-0350-9. Epub 2019 Sep 17. PMID: 31530900.
C5 (key tests highlighted):
Elbow flexion (biceps muscle), Biceps reflex, Sensation lateral upper arm.
- Shoulder abduction (supraspinatus and deltoid muscles)
- Shoulder external rotation (infraspinatus muscle)
- Shoulder internal rotation (subscapularis muscle)
C6 (key examinations highlighted):
Wrist extension (m. extensor carpi radialis and ulnaris, Brachioradialis reflex, Sensibility radial forearm and thumb.
- Elbow flexion (m. biceps)
C7 (key examinations highlighted):
Elbow extension (m. triceps), Triceps reflex, Sensibility of the 3rd finger.
- Wrist flexion (m. flexor carpi radialis and ulnaris)
- Finger extension (m. extensor digitorum communis, indicis proprius and digiti minimi)
C8 (key examinations highlighted):
Finger flexion (m. flexor digitorum superficialis, profundus and lumbricals), Sensibility of the 5th finger.
- Thumb extension (m. extensor pollicis)
- Thumb adduction (m. adductor pollicis)
- Ulnar deviation of the wrist (m. flexor carpi ulnaris and m. extensor carpi ulnaris)
Th1 (key examinations highlighted):
Finger abduction of the 5th finger (m. abductor digiti minimi), Sensibility of the ulnar forearm.
- Finger abduction and adduction (m. interosseus)