- Severe back pain
- Most often with bilateral sciatica with clinical signs of nerve root involvement (reduced strength, impaired sensation, diminished reflexes, bilateral Lasegue’s test positive)
- Urinary retention
- Bladder scan or catheterization
- Fecal incontinence
- Check contraction of the anal sphincter
- Sensory loss in the perineum
- S3: Over the ischial tuberosity or in the infragluteal fold (gluteal sulcus)
- S4, S5: Perianal up to 1 cm lateral from the transition between rectal mucosa and skin